نشریه فیزیولوژی ورزش و فعالیت بدنی
سال دهم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1396)

For many years, thyme has been introduced as an antibacterial plant that can prevent bacterial growth. Therefore, this research intended to study effect of using thyme herbal tea together with an eight-week swimming exercise training on some indicators of urinary infection in 10-13 years old young female swimmers in Tehran. Sixteen young female
swimmers were matched based on characteristics of infection and then divided into two groups of thyme+ swimming exercise training (8subjects) and placebo + swimming exercise training (8 participants). The subjects took part in the swimming exercise training program with the intensity level of 60-70% maximum heart rate in three weekly sessions for eight weeks. The experimental group received two grams of thyme before and two grams after each exercise session. Pool water and urine samples were taken and body composition assessment performed during the pretest and at the end of the eighth week. The independent t-test was used for statistical analysis and mann Whitney u test for qualitative data at the p<0.05 significance level. Study of intergroup changes in the number of white blood cells, average scores for urine epithelial cells, and average scores for urine appearance in the experimental and control groups revealed significant differences. Therefore, scores for the average number of red blood cells in urine, for urine pH, and average scores for urine culture in the control and experimental groups were not significantly different after taking thyme. Urine nitrate content in 10-13 years old female swimmers in Tehran in the experimental and control groups prior to and following thyme consumption was negative and did not change at all. It seems thyme complement and swimming exercise caused positive changes in urinary infection factors through various mechanisms. This research showed taking thyme significantly reduced some factors related to urinary infections including reduced number of white blood cells in urine, which could probably result from the properties of the flavonoids in thyme, the stimulation of the immune system, and the effect of the active ingredients thymol and carvacrol on bacteria.

  The use of various types of music in the exercise and rehabilitation field has been considered, but the results of the studies differ in their effectiveness. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of listening to four kinds of music (relaxing, brain wave stimulator, exciting and mixed) on improving athletic performance during exhausting physical activity in
adult women. In order to investigate the study’s purpose, ten physical education students at Kharazmi University with age, height and weight average of 22.70±1.63 yr., 162.70±4.05 cm and 60.70±7.30 kg were selected. The subjects performed the Bruce treadmill exercise protocol until they reached to exhausting state into five physical activity without music (control), physical activity with relaxing music, physical activity with exciting music, physical activity with Brain-waves Stimulator music and physical activity with mixed music groups, during non-sequential days assigned in a randomized cross over design. Immediately after the completion of the exercise protocol, the blood lactate, heart rate, physical activity time to exhaustion, maximal oxygen consumption, fatigue severity, ratings of perceived vigor, ratings of perceived fatigue, ratings of perceived exertion, and brain information processing were evaluated Statistical analyses were done by analysis of variance with repeated measure (ANOVA R.M.) and post hoc LSD tests at significance level of 0.05. The results of this study showed that in some values, such as blood lactate levels, in all three types of mix music, exciting music, and brain-waves stimulator music groups, were more than physical activity without music, but this difference was not significant. In some cases, such as physical activity time to exhaustion, ratings of perceived exertion, ratings of perceived vigor, ratings of perceived fatigue and maximal oxygen consumption the results indicate that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control group (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in heart rate (p = 0.556). Conclusion According to the results of this research, it seems that exciting and brain-waves stimulator music has been effective in improving exercise performance, but the effect of mix music is more than brain-waves stimulator music and exciting. In general, it could be concluded that listening to the exciting, brain-waves stimulator, and mixed music during exhausting physical activity causes energy balance, reduces one’s perception of exertion and time and increases athletic efficiency HPA and SAM axes

  The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of specific trainings in Hypoxy and normoxy condition on HIF changes in national endurance runners. Eight endurance male runners (age:24.4±3.1yrs, body mass index: 20.5±1.0) with specific training R2M method in high and low altitude were volunteered to participate in present study. Exhaustive testing 3000 m, blood sample were taken before and 24hour after compotation. Training program was include same continues, interval, aerobic and resistance training. Runners performed 16 training session per week at long time 81 days live high-train high and low participate in period training. For calculate change level HIF1- α, each time take was 5ml blood from the
antecubital vein in the fasting, sitting and resting state. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (P≤0.05). The tim p<0.05 effect due to significant decrease in 3000 m running time, but the differences in HIF were not significant (P>0.05). Counclosion: This study suggests that using specified training in hypoxia and normoxy with changes independed of HIF expression in the long training with change cells metabolism led to decreases 3000 m running time in lower altitude

Spexin is a novel peptide which plays a role in the regulation of feeding behavior, body weight, energy metabolism, and long-chain fatty acid uptake into adipocytes. The aim of the current study was investigate the effect of single session of aerobic interval exercise on serum Spexin levels. Eleven active young men
(aged 24±3.63 years, BMI 22.98±2 kg/m2) volunteered for this study. The exercise protocol comprised 2 series of 6×10 s sprinting cycling with maximal effort and 10 min active rest (cycling with intensity 65%–75% HRmax). Blood samples were obtained at fasting state, pre-exercise (30 min after breakfast ~365 kcal), immediately after, and 15, 30, and 45 min after exercise. The repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni posthoc test used to evaluate changes of parameters in the different times. The relationship between variables was assessed using the Pearson correlation coefficient. Despite the changing levels of some metabolites such as glucose, insulin, lactate, TG and LDL-C in this study, spexin levels did not change significantly in any time courses of this study (p>0.05). At fasting state and post-exercise, spexin levels not correlated with other metabolites (p>0.05) but in 30 minutes after breakfast (pre-exercise) negatively correlated with TG (r= -0.645,
p=0.032) and during the recovery period, positively correlated with HDL-C (r= +0.357, p=0.041) and negatively correlated with insulin (r= -0.672, p=0.023). It seems that acute exercise-induced negative energy balance in this study may not be sufficient to induce changes in Spexin serum levels.

  The purpose of this study was to describe physical fitness and physiological characteristic of professional female athletes in two Taekwondo styles: Kiurogi and Poomsae. Twenty for professional Taekwondo female athletes (25-30 yrs.) were selected in two styles of Kiurogi (N= 12) and Poomsae (N= 12). Their body type was determined by Heath-Carter method and 8-point skin fold method was used to measure body fat percent. To determine their physical fitness and physiological Characteristics, subjects performed Flexibility, Sargent jumping, agility, visual response, dynamic balance, beep test and Wingate tests. Kolmogorov–Smirnov test was used as normality test. Independent t-test was used for statistical analysis Also,
(P<0.05) was used for statistical significance. There were no significant differences in physical type, body composition, flexibility, visual response, dynamic balance, lower extremity explosive power and aerobic capacity between two styles (P>0.05), but they had significant differences in vertical jump, anaerobic power and agility (P<0.05) also aerobic (31.7 v 27.9ml/kg/min) and mean anaerobic (5.6 v 4.7) capacities was higher in Kiurogi compared to poomse group. The results showed that mesomorphy is the dominant body type in Taekwondo athletes whereas ectomorphy features could also exist as submissive. Furthermore, various
physiological and physical fitness characteristics of Professional female taekwondo athletes in both Kiurogi and Poomsae styles were not significantly different except for agility, mean anaerobic power and lower body explosive power, although the Kiurogi group was in a better condition in most of the evaluated parameters.

  Omentin-1 is an adipokine which is mostly secreted from visceral adipose tissue and has inverse correlation with obesity and also plays a major role in metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and cardiovascularm diseases associated with obesity. This study is basically aimed to investigate the effects of 10 weeks High Intensity Interval trainings on the levels of Omentin-1 levels and body composition characteristics of sedentary
obese men. The research contained 28 sedentary obese men who were randomly divided into two groups of Control and Experimental (n=14). The training program included 10 weeks of High Intensity Interval Training using ergometer cycle (3 sessions every other day of a week, 30 training sessions totally, in the afternoon). The blood samples collected 48 hours before the exercises start and 48 hours after the last training session and the sandwich ELISA method was applied to determine the serum quantities of Omentin-1. The ANCOVA analysis was used to investigate the effects of training significante levale was defined as (P<0.05). The 10 weeks of High Intensity Interval training had a significant effect on the level of Omentin-1 (P=0.0001, F =30.73). The results of this study revealed that High Intensity Interval Training plays an effective role in improving cardiovascular health and obesity-related disorders of sedentary obese men by increasing the Omentin-1 anti-inflammatory factor and reducing the obesity-related factors.

  According to high potential of neural plasticity in childhood, it is important to find the best training methods to reach proper neural adaptation. BDNF is a member of the neurotrophins which is engaged in neuromuscular adaptations due to increased muscular activity. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two types of suspension and unsuspended resistance training on salivary BDNF in prepubescent
children. 24 immature boys (mean age 12.3±0.55 yrs, Tanner stage of 1 and 2) were divided into three groups of TRX suspension training (TRX), body weight training (BWT), and control (C). Training groups completed training programs, twice per week for eight weeks. unstimulated Saliva samples were collected before training and also 72 hours after last training session to measure salivary BDNF using ELIZA method.
One-way ANOVA test with significance level of 0.05 was used for comparison between groups. Even though the effects of resistance training on muscle strength in the lower body was observed in the experimental groups, BDNF concentrations were not significantly different (F=.922, P=.411). Significant
changes in body fat percentage and strength well show the effectiveness of TRX compared to body weight training and control group. However, no significant difference between the groups in BDNF, can be due to regular participation in soccer training. It seams children affected by his growth and maturation processes are more susceptible to exercise-induced changes in neurotrophins and probably, their regular activity has provided the sufficient Stimulation to produce this protein

  Irisin is a novel myokine, adipokine and neurokine that recently discovered in humans and mice.
Evidence suggests that Irisin is associated with obesity and diabetes. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of 8-weeks Pilates training programs on serum irisn levels and insulin resistance index in obese
women. This research is a semi experimental study with pre-and post-test Design. In this quasiexperimental study, 24 obese women (mean age 38/4±8/61 years and BMI 35/6±2/95 kg/m2) volunteered to participate in this study and were randomly divided into Pilates group (n=15) and control group (n=9). Pilates training program performed in 8 weeks, 3 times per week, and 14-16 RPE While the control group did not exercise. Blood samples were obtained before and after training to measure glucose, insulin, insulin resistance and Irisin. Data were analyzed with paired-sample t-test and ANCOVA. The results indicated no significant changes in blood glucose (p=0.44), insulin (p=0.81), insulin resistance index (p=0.85) and serum Irisin levels(p=0.86) in Pilate’s group compared with the control group after 8 weeks (p>0.05). Furthermore, correlation was not between Irisin to BMI, weight, glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance index (p≥0.05). The results were showed increase VO2max after the Pilates exercises(p<0.05) This finding revealed that 8 weeks Pilates training cannot be considerable impact on glucose, insulin, insulin resistance index and
serum Irisin levels in obese women.

  There is clear evidence that resistance training can be a worthwhile and beneficial activity for children. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of eight weeks combined strength and plyometric training on land in performances of 9-12 years old male swimmers. Our participants
include; 20 boys with mean age, height and weight of 11.36±0.85 yr, 148.38±7.45 cm and 42.05±7.51 kg respectively. Our sample was selected by purposefully non-random method then randomly divided to experimental and control group. Training program of control group was limited to swimming practice sessions while; the experimental group in addition to swimming training sessions, they conducted strength and plyometric training two days weekly for eight weeks. The strength and plyometric exercises include: bench press, leg extension, vertical jump, depth jump and medicine ball throwing. Physical and performance variables were measured at the beginning and at the end of the training period. The data were analyzed using SPSS (version 16) with Descriptive Statistics, Wilcoxon and Mann- Whitney U tests. After 8 weeks of
training, in the experimental group, strength, muscular power, swimming performance and propulsive force in front crawl swimming significantly increased (p <0.05). In the control group, strength bench press and propulsive force in front crawl swimming significantly increased (p <0.05). Significant differences in strength, muscular power and swimming performance in 25 m front crawl between experimental and control groups were also observed (p <0.05). A combined strength and plyometric training allow strength and muscular power developments in young male swimmers. Although swimming performance improvement in 25 m front crawl due to strength training was noticeable but these current results do not clarify that these training programs can enhance swimming performance and propulsive force.

The onset of menopause is associated with the discontinuation of various hormones and women are susceptible to various diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training and low-calorie diet on body composition and serum's Relaxin & lipid profiles in postmenopausal women.

In this research 20 post-menopausal women were purposefully selected and randomly placed into experimental group (11 person by age 56.67 ± 2.87yr) and control group (9 person by age 56.67 ± 2.87yr. Both groups followed a low calorie diet. Experimental group training for 8 weeks, every week 2 days with the intensity of 20-30% 1RM In eight stations. The control group did their daily activities. The Relaxin, body composition and lipid profile in both groups was measured for effectiveness of the independent variable in postmenopausal women in 2-stage, one week before the start of the training program and 48 hours after the last training session in fasting state. The analysis covariance and dependent t test were used for data analysis at
significance level of p≤0.05.

The resistance training and low-calorie diet significantly decreased body weight and serum's relaxin & lipid profiles. But had no significant effect on abdominal obesity indices (Waist
Circumference, hip and WHR).

The post-menopausal women can use resistance training and lowcalorie diet for weight loss and improved serum's Relaxin and lipid profile and avoid the complications of
menopause.